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practical achievement

Толкование Перевод

1 practical achievement

практическое достижение

Politics english-russian dictionary > practical achievement
2 achievement

n

достижение, завоевание, успех, победа

to display the achievements of the national economy — демонстрировать достижения национальной экономики

to hail smb's achievement — приветствовать чей-л. успех

to introduce achievements of science and technology — внедрять достижения науки и техники

to make conspicuous achievements — добиваться выдающихся успехов

to notch up a whole series of achievements — добиваться целого ряда достижений

to pay tribute to smb's achievements — воздавать должное чьим-л. достижениям

to popularize the achievements — популяризировать (чьи-л.) достижения

to sum up the achievements — суммировать достижения, обобщать достижения

to undercut achievements — умалять значение достижений

to undersell one's political achievements — принижать свои успехи в области политики

to win great achievements — добиваться больших успехов

- achievement in smth
- achievement of mutually acceptable and effective agreements
- brilliant achievement
- considerable achievement
- conspicuous achievement
- crowning achievement
- cultural achievements
- dazzling achievement
- economic achievements
- environmental achievements
- epic achievement
- fruits of achievements
- glorious achievement
- great achievement
- heroic achievements
- high achievements
- labor achievements
- lasting achievement
- latest achievements in science and technology
- magnificent achievement
- major achievement
- memorable achievement
- modest record of achievements
- monumental achievement
- notable achievement
- outstanding achievements
- phenomenal achievement
- practical achievement
- remarkable achievement
- scientific achievements
- signal achievement
- spectacular achievement
- sports achievements
- stunning achievement
- superb achievement
- tangible achievements

Politics english-russian dictionary > achievement
3 Li Gao (Li Kao)

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

fl. 752/820 China

[br]

Chinese physicist, technologist and patron of engineers.

[br]

Li Gao was Prince of Cao (Tshao). He was interested in acoustics and carried out experiments on both hydrostatic and air pressure. He constructed "trick" hydrostatic vessels that could take up different positions according to the amount of water in them. Such vessels had been known since the third century BC and were popular at court for over a thousand years: Li's were made of lacquered wood, c. 790, probably in quantity. He made successful use of paddle warships operated by treadmills. Similar vessels may have been in use as early as the late fifth century, but this is not at all certain. Li Gao's ships are therefore the first practical achievement of an idea for ship propulsion that, probably independently, had been mooted but not realized in early Byzantine times in Europe. His experiments with this type of vessel were made during 782 to 785, while he was Governor of Hungchow. It was said that the ships "went like the wind", faster than a charging horse.

[br]

Further Reading

J.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, Vols IV. 1, pp. 38, 62; 1965, IV. 2, pp. 417–18, 433, 435; Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970, pp. 25, 127–8.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Li Gao (Li Kao)
4 level

I 1. ['levl]
nome

1) livello m. (anche fig.)

on a level with the first floor — all'altezza del primo piano

that is on a level with arson — questo equivale all'incendio doloso

at waist-level — all'altezza della vita

at street level — al livello della strada

an intermediate level textbook — un libro di testo per il livello intermedio

on the same level — alla stessa altezza, allo stesso livello

to be on the same level as sb. — essere allo stesso livello di qcn.

to talk to sb. on their level — parlare con qcn. da pari a pari

on a purely practical level — su un piano puramente pratico

to be reduced to the same level as — essere messi allo stesso piano di

2) (degree) (of pollution, noise) livello m.; (of unemployment) tasso m., livello m.; (of spending) ammontare m.; (of satisfaction, anxiety) grado m., livello m.

glucose levels — livello di glucosio

3) (in hierarchy) livello m.

at local level — a livello locale

at a lower level — a un livello inferiore

4) (tool) livella f.
2.
nome plurale levels geogr. piana f.sing.
3.
aggettivo

1) (not at an angle) [ shelf] dritto; [ surface] piano; [ table] orizzontale

2) (not bumpy) [ground, surface, land] piatto

3) (not heaped) [ teaspoonful] raso

4) (equally high)

to be level — [shoulders, windows] essere alla stessa altezza; [floor, building] essere allo stesso livello

level with the ground — a raso terra

5) fig. (in achievement, rank)

to be level — [ competitors] essere (alla) pari

6) fig. (even) [ tone] uniforme

to remain level — [ figures] rimanere stabile
4.
avverbio

to draw level — [ competitors] essere pari ( with con)

••

to be level-pegging — essere alla pari

to be on the level — (trustworthy) essere in buona fede

to keep a level head — mantenere il sangue freddo

to try one's level best to do sth. — cercare di fare tutto il possibile per fare qcs
II ['levl]
verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - ll- BE, -l- AE)

1) radere al suolo, spianare [village, area]

2) (aim) spianare [ weapon] (at su); lanciare [ accusation] (at contro); rivolgere [ criticism] (at a)

•

- level off

- level out

••

to level with sb. — dire le cose come stanno a qcn

* * *
['levl] 1. noun
1) (height, position, strength, rank etc: The level of the river rose; a high level of intelligence.) livello

2) (a horizontal division or floor: the third level of the multi-storey car park.) livello

3) (a kind of instrument for showing whether a surface is level: a spirit level.) livella

4) (a flat, smooth surface or piece of land: It was difficult running uphill but he could run fast on the level.) piana, spianata
2. adjective
1) (flat, even, smooth or horizontal: a level surface; a level spoonful (= an amount which just fills the spoon to the top of the sides).) piano; raso

2) (of the same height, standard etc: The top of the kitchen sink is level with the window-sill; The scores of the two teams are level.) allo stesso livello, alla pari

3) (steady, even and not rising or falling much: a calm, level voice.) uniforme; calmo
3. verb
1) (to make flat, smooth or horizontal: He levelled the soil.) livellare, spianare

2) (to make equal: His goal levelled the scores of the two teams.) pareggiare

3) ((usually with at) to aim (a gun etc): He levelled his pistol at the target.) puntare

4) (to pull down: The bulldozer levelled the block of flats.) demolire, radere al suolo

•

- levelness
- level crossing
- level-headed
- do one's level best
- level off
- level out
- on a level with
- on the level
* * *
I 1. ['levl]
nome

1) livello m. (anche fig.)

on a level with the first floor — all'altezza del primo piano

that is on a level with arson — questo equivale all'incendio doloso

at waist-level — all'altezza della vita

at street level — al livello della strada

an intermediate level textbook — un libro di testo per il livello intermedio

on the same level — alla stessa altezza, allo stesso livello

to be on the same level as sb. — essere allo stesso livello di qcn.

to talk to sb. on their level — parlare con qcn. da pari a pari

on a purely practical level — su un piano puramente pratico

to be reduced to the same level as — essere messi allo stesso piano di

2) (degree) (of pollution, noise) livello m.; (of unemployment) tasso m., livello m.; (of spending) ammontare m.; (of satisfaction, anxiety) grado m., livello m.

glucose levels — livello di glucosio

3) (in hierarchy) livello m.

at local level — a livello locale

at a lower level — a un livello inferiore

4) (tool) livella f.
2.
nome plurale levels geogr. piana f.sing.
3.
aggettivo

1) (not at an angle) [ shelf] dritto; [ surface] piano; [ table] orizzontale

2) (not bumpy) [ground, surface, land] piatto

3) (not heaped) [ teaspoonful] raso

4) (equally high)

to be level — [shoulders, windows] essere alla stessa altezza; [floor, building] essere allo stesso livello

level with the ground — a raso terra

5) fig. (in achievement, rank)

to be level — [ competitors] essere (alla) pari

6) fig. (even) [ tone] uniforme

to remain level — [ figures] rimanere stabile
4.
avverbio

to draw level — [ competitors] essere pari ( with con)

••

to be level-pegging — essere alla pari

to be on the level — (trustworthy) essere in buona fede

to keep a level head — mantenere il sangue freddo

to try one's level best to do sth. — cercare di fare tutto il possibile per fare qcs
II ['levl]
verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - ll- BE, -l- AE)

1) radere al suolo, spianare [village, area]

2) (aim) spianare [ weapon] (at su); lanciare [ accusation] (at contro); rivolgere [ criticism] (at a)

•

- level off

- level out

••

to level with sb. — dire le cose come stanno a qcn

English-Italian dictionary > level
5 level

1.
['levl]noun

1) Höhe, die; (storey) Etage, die; (fig.): (steady state) Niveau, das; (fig.): (basis) Ebene, die

the water rose to the level of the doorstep — das Wasser stieg bis zur Türschwelle

be on a level [with somebody/something] — sich auf gleicher od. einer Höhe [mit jemandem/etwas] befinden; (fig.) auf dem gleichen Niveau sein [wie jmd./etwas]

on the level — (fig. coll.) ehrlich

find one's level — (fig.) seinen Platz finden

2) (height)

at waist/rooftop etc. level — in Taillen-/Dachhöhe usw.

3) (relative amount)

sugar/alcohol level — [Blut]zucker-/Alkoholspiegel, der

noise level — Geräuschpegel, der

4) (social, moral, or intellectual plane) Niveau, das; (degree of achievement etc.) Grad, der (of an + Dat.)

talks at the highest level [of government] — Gespräche auf höchster [Regierungs]ebene

5) (of computer game) Level, der

6) (instrument to test horizontal) Wasserwaage, die
2. adjective
1) waagerecht; flach [Land]; eben [Boden, Land]

a level spoonful of flour — ein gestrichener Löffel Mehl

the picture is not level — das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2) (on a level)

be level [with something/somebody] — auf gleicher Höhe [mit etwas/jemandem] sein; (fig.) [mit etwas/jemandem] gleichauf liegen

the two pictures are not level — die beiden Bilder hängen nicht gleich hoch

draw/keep level with a rival — mit einem Gegner gleichziehen/auf gleicher Höhe bleiben

3) (fig.): (steady, even) ausgeglichen [Leben, Temperament]; ausgewogen [Stil]

keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf bewahren

4)

do one's level best — (coll.) sein Möglichstes tun
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (make

level 2 a —) ebnen

2) (aim) richten [Blick, Gewehr, Rakete] (at, against auf + Akk.); (fig.) richten [Kritik usw.] (at, against gegen); erheben [Anklage, Vorwurf] (at, against gegen)

3) (raze) dem Erdboden gleichmachen [Stadt, Gebäude]

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/42629/level_off">level off

- level out

* * *
['levl] 1. noun
1) (height, position, strength, rank etc: The level of the river rose; a high level of intelligence.) das Niveau

2) (a horizontal division or floor: the third level of the multi-storey car park.) das Stockwerk

3) (a kind of instrument for showing whether a surface is level: a spirit level.) die Wasserwaage

4) (a flat, smooth surface or piece of land: It was difficult running uphill but he could run fast on the level.) ebene Fläche
2. adjective
1) (flat, even, smooth or horizontal: a level surface; a level spoonful (= an amount which just fills the spoon to the top of the sides).) eben

2) (of the same height, standard etc: The top of the kitchen sink is level with the window-sill; The scores of the two teams are level.) gleich

3) (steady, even and not rising or falling much: a calm, level voice.) gleichmäßig
3. verb
1) (to make flat, smooth or horizontal: He levelled the soil.) ebnen

2) (to make equal: His goal levelled the scores of the two teams.) gleichmachen

3) ((usually with at) to aim (a gun etc): He levelled his pistol at the target.) richten

4) (to pull down: The bulldozer levelled the block of flats.) dem Erdboden gleichmachen

•

- levelness
- level crossing
- level-headed
- do one's level best
- level off
- level out
- on a level with
- on the level
* * *

lev·el

[ˈlev^əl]

I. adj

1. (horizontal) horizontal, waag(e)recht

the picture isn't \level das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2. (flat) eben

\level ground ebenes Gelände

3. pred (at an equal height)

▪ to be \level [with sth] auf gleicher Höhe [mit etw dat sein]

the amounts in both glasses were \level [with each other] beide Gläser waren gleich voll

the lamps are not \level [with each other] die Lampen hängen nicht gleich hoch [o nicht auf gleicher Höhe

4. (abreast)

to keep \level with sth mit etw dat mithalten

last year production could not keep \level with demand im letzten Jahr konnte die Produktion nicht die Nachfrage decken

to keep sth \level with sth etw auf dem gleichen Niveau wie etw dat halten

the unions are fighting to keep wages \level with inflation die Gewerkschaften kämpfen um die Angleichung der Löhne und Gehälter an die Inflationsrate

5. pred esp BRIT, AUS (in a race) gleichauf; (equal in points) punktegleich; (equal in standard) gleich gut

the scores were \level at half time zur Halbzeit stand es unentschieden

the two students are about \level in ability die beiden Studenten sind etwa gleich gut

to draw \level with sb/sth jdn/etw einholen

6. attr (to the edge) gestrichen

a \level cupful of flour eine Tasse [voll] Mehl

a \level spoonful of sugar ein gestrichener Löffel Zucker

7. (calm) voice ruhig; look fest

to give sb a \level look jdn mit festem Blick ansehen

in a \level tone ohne die Stimme zu heben

to keep a \level head einen kühlen [o klaren] Kopf bewahren

in a \level voice mit ruhiger Stimme

8.

▶ to do one's \level best sein Möglichstes [o alles Menschenmögliche] tun

▶ to start on a \level playing field gleiche [Start]bedingungen [o Voraussetzungen] haben

II. n

1. (quantity) Niveau nt; (height) Höhe f

at eye \level in Augenhöhe

oil \level AUTO Ölstand m

above/below sea \level über/unter dem Meeresspiegel

water \level Pegelstand m, Wasserstand m

to be on a \level [with sb/sth] BRIT, AUS [mit jdm/etw] auf gleicher Höhe sein

2. (extent) Ausmaß nt

inflation is going to rise 2% from its present \level die Inflationsrate wird [gegenüber dem derzeitigen Stand] um 2 % steigen

\level of alcohol abuse Ausmaß nt des Alkoholmissbrauchs

low-/high-\level radiation niedrige/hohe Strahlung

sugar \level in the blood Blutzuckerspiegel m

\level of customer satisfaction Zufriedenheitswert m

\level of motivation Motivationsgrad m

\level of productivity Leistungsniveau nt

\level of taxation Steuerniveau nt

3. (storey) Stockwerk nt

ground \level Erdgeschoss nt, Parterre nt SCHWEIZ

at [or on] \level four im vierten Stock

4. no pl (rank) Ebene f

at government[al] \level auf Regierungsebene

at a higher/lower \level auf höherer/niedrigerer Ebene

at the local/national/regional \level auf kommunaler/nationaler/regionaler Ebene

5. (standard, stage, proficiency) Niveau nt

your explanation must be at a \level that the children can understand du musst es so erklären, dass die Kinder dich verstehen

\level of training Ausbildungsstand m

advanced/intermediate \level fortgeschrittenes/mittleres Niveau; SCH Ober-/Mittelstufe f

to reach a high \level ein hohes Niveau erreichen

to take sth to a higher \level etw verbessern [o auf ein höheres Niveau bringen]

to be on a \level [with sb/sth] BRIT, AUS gleich gut sein [wie jd/etw]

to bring sth down to sb's \level etw auf jds Niveau bringen

6. (social, intellectual, moral) Niveau nt

intellectual \level geistiges Niveau

to sink to sb's \level sich akk auf jds Niveau hinabbegeben

I would never sink to the \level of taking bribes ich würde nie so tief sinken und mich bestechen lassen

7. (perspective, meaning) Ebene f

at a deeper \level auf einer tieferen Ebene

on a moral/practical/another \level aus moralischer/praktischer/anderer Sicht

on a personal \level auf persönlicher Ebene

on a serious \level ernsthaft

8. BRIT (flat land)

on the \level ebenerdig

9. esp AM (spirit level) Wasserwaage f

10. TELEC Pegel m

11.

▶ to find one's own \level seinen Platz in der Welt finden

▶ to be on the \level ( fam) ehrlich [o aufrichtig] sein

this offer is on the \level dies ist ein faires Angebot

III. vt

< BRIT - ll- or AM usu -l->

1.

▪ to \level sth (flatten) ground etw [ein]ebnen [o planieren]; wood etw [ab]schmirgeln; (raze) building, town etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

to \level sth to the ground etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2. (equal)

to \level the match/score den Ausgleich erzielen

3. (direct)

to \level a pistol/rifle at sb eine Pistole/ein Gewehr auf jdn richten; ( fig)

to \level accusations/charges against [or at] sb Beschuldigungen/Anklage gegen jdn erheben

to \level criticism against [or at] sb an jdm Kritik üben

we don't understand the criticism \levelled at the government wir verstehen die Kritik an der Regierung nicht

* * *
['levl]
1. adj

1) (= flat) ground, surface, floor eben; spoonful gestrichen

try to keep the boat level — versuchen Sie, das Boot waagerecht zu halten

the glider maintained a level course — das Segelflugzeug behielt die gleiche Flughöhe bei

2) (= at the same height) auf gleicher Höhe (with mit); (= parallel) parallel (with zu)

the bedroom is level with the ground — das Schlafzimmer liegt ebenerdig or zu ebener Erde

3) (= equal) gleichauf; (fig) gleich gut

the two runners are absolutely or dead level — die beiden Läufer liegen or sind genau auf gleicher Höhe

Jones was almost level with the winner — Jones kam fast auf gleiche Höhe mit dem Sieger

the two teams are level in the league — die beiden Mannschaften haben den gleichen Tabellenstand

level race — Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt

4) (= steady) tone of voice ruhig; (= well-balanced) ausgeglichen; judgement abgewogen, ausgewogen; head kühl

to have/keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf haben/bewahren

5)

I'll do my level best (Brit) — ich werde mein Möglichstes tun

2. adv

level with — in Höhe (+gen)

it should lie level with... —

the pipe runs level with the ground (= parallel) — das Rohr verläuft zu ebener Erde das Rohr verläuft parallel zum Boden

they're running absolutely level — sie laufen auf genau gleicher Höhe

the value of the shares stayed level for some time — der Wert der Aktien blieb für einige Zeit gleich

to draw level with sb — jdn einholen, mit jdm gleichziehen; (in league etc)

the two runners drew level on the last lap — in der letzten Runde zogen die beiden Läufer gleich

3. n

1) (= instrument) Wasserwaage f

2) (= altitude) Höhe f

on a level (with) — auf gleicher Höhe (mit)

water always finds its own level — Wasser kehrt immer in die Waagerechte zurück

at eye level — in Augenhöhe

the trees were very tall, almost at roof level — die Bäume waren sehr hoch, sie reichten fast bis zum Dach

to be on a level with the roof — in Dachhöhe sein

3) (= flat place) ebene Fläche, ebenes Stück

4) (= storey) Etage f, Stockwerk nt

the house is on four levels — das Haus hat vier Etagen

5) (= position on scale) Ebene f; (social, intellectual etc) Niveau nt

they're on a different level — sie haben ein unterschiedliches Niveau

to descend or come down to that level — auf ein so tiefes Niveau absinken

he expects everyone to come down to his level — er erwartet von jedem, dass er sich auf sein Niveau herabbegibt

she tried to go beyond her natural level of ability — sie versuchte, ihre natürlichen Grenzen zu überschreiten

to be on a level with — auf gleichem Niveau sein wie

they are on a level as far as salaries are concerned — sie bekommen das gleiche Gehalt

he tried to raise the level of the conversation — er versuchte, der Unterhaltung etwas mehr Niveau zu geben

if profit stays at the same level — wenn sich der Gewinn auf dem gleichen Stand hält

the pound has been left to find its own level — der Pfundkurs wurde freigegeben, um seinen natürlichen Stand zu erreichen

the rising level of inflation —

he maintains his high level of excellence — er hält sein äußerst hohes Niveau

a high level of intelligence — ein hoher Intelligenzgrad

a high level of interest — sehr großes Interesse

a high level of support —

a high level of civilization the very high level of production — eine hohe Kulturstufe das hohe Produktionsniveau

the higher levels of academic research — die höheren Stufen der wissenschaftlichen Forschung

the talks were held at a very high level — die Gespräche fanden auf hoher Ebene statt

a low level of sales — ein sehr geringer Absatz

he reduces everything to the commercial level — er reduziert alles auf eine rein kommerzielle Basis

on an intellectual level —

on the moral level — aus moralischer Sicht

on a purely personal level — rein persönlich, auf rein persönlicher Ebene

6)

(= amount, degree) a high level of hydrogen — ein hoher Wasserstoffanteil

the level of alcohol in the blood — der Alkoholspiegel im Blut

level of consciousness — Bewusstseinsebene f

cholesterol level — Cholesterinspiegel m

the level of violence — das Ausmaß der Gewalttätigkeit

7)

I guess you're on the level — du bist wohl schon in Ordnung (inf)

is he on the level? — meint er es ehrlich?

to be on the level with sb — jdm gegenüber ehrlich or aufrichtig sein

4. vt

1) ground, site etc einebnen, planieren; building abreißen; town dem Erdboden gleichmachen

to level sth to the ground — etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2) blow versetzen, verpassen (inf) (at sb jdm); weapon richten (at auf +acc); accusation erheben (at gegen); remark richten (at gegen); criticism üben (at an +dat)

to level a charge against sb — Anklage gegen jdn erheben, jdn anklagen

3) (SPORT)

to level the match — den Ausgleich erzielen

to level the score — gleichziehen

5. vi (inf)

to level with sb — jdm keinen Quatsch or Scheiß erzählen (inf)

I'll level with you — ich werd ehrlich mit dir sein

* * *

level [ˈlevl]

A s

1. TECH Libelle f, Wasserwaage f

2. TECH, Landvermessung:

a) Nivellierinstrument n

b) Höhen-, Niveaumessung f

3. Ebene f ( auch GEOG), ebene Fläche

4. Horizontalebene f, Horizontale f, Waag(e)rechte f

5. Höhe f ( auch GEOG), (Wasser- etc) Spiegel m, (-)Stand m, (-)Pegel m:

level of sound Geräuschpegel, Tonstärke f;

be on a level with

a) auf gleicher Höhe sein mit,

b) genauso hoch sein wie ( → A 6);

on the level umg in Ordnung, ehrlich, anständig

6. fig (auch geistiges) Niveau, Level m, Stand m, Grad m, Stufe f:

level of employment Beschäftigungsstand;

high level of technical skill hohes technisches Niveau;

level of performance SPORT Leistungsstand, -niveau;

low production level niedriger Produktionsstand;

have fallen to the lowest level seinen niedrigsten Stand erreicht haben;

put o.s. on the level of others sich auf das Niveau anderer Leute begeben;

sink to the level of cut-throat practices auf das Niveau von Halsabschneidern absinken;

find one’s (own) level seinen Platz finden (an den man gehört);

be on a ( oder an equal) level with auf dem gleichen Niveau oder auf der gleichen Stufe stehen wie, jemandem ebenbürtig sein ( → A 5);

keep sth at its present level etwas auf seinem gegenwärtigen Stand halten

7. (politische etc) Ebene:

at government level auf Regierungsebene;

a conference on the highest level eine Konferenz auf höchster Ebene;

on a ministerial level auf Ministerebene

8. Bergbau:

a) Sohle f

b) Sohlenstrecke f

B adj (adv levelly)

1. eben (Straße etc):

one level teaspoonful of salt ein gestrichener Teelöffel Salz;

level playing field gleiche Chancen pl für alle, Chancengleichheit f

2. waag(e)recht, horizontal

3. gleich (auch fig):

level crossing Br schienengleicher (Bahn)Übergang;

it was level pegging between them SPORT etc Br umg sie lagen gleichauf;

it was a level position (besonders Fußball) es war gleiche Höhe;

be level on points SPORT etc punktgleich sein;

be level with

a) auf gleicher Höhe sein mit,

b) genauso hoch sein wie,

c) fig auf dem gleichen Niveau oder auf der gleichen Stufe stehen wie;

make level with the ground dem Erdboden gleichmachen;

draw level SPORT ausgleichen;

draw level with sb jemanden einholen

4. a) gleichmäßig:

level stress LING schwebende Betonung

b) ausgeglichen (Rennen etc)

5. do one’s level best sein Möglichstes tun

6. gleichbleibend (Temperatur etc)

7. vernünftig

8. ruhig:

have (keep) a level head einen kühlen Kopf haben (bewahren), sich nicht aus der Ruhe bringen lassen;

give sb a level look jemanden ruhig oder fest anschauen

C v/t prät und pperf -eled, besonders Br -elled

1. a) auch level off (ein)ebnen, planieren

b) auch level to ( oder with) the ground eine Stadt etc dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2. jemanden zu Boden schlagen

3. auch level off ( oder out) fig

a) gleichmachen, nivellieren:

level matters ( oder the score) SPORT ausgleichen, den Gleichstand herstellen oder erzielen

b) Unterschiede beseitigen, ausgleichen

4. a) eine Waffe richten, das Gewehr anlegen ( beide:

at auf akk):

level one’s rifle at sb auf jemanden anlegen

b) fig (at, against) Anschuldigungen erheben (gegen), Kritik üben (an dat):

his criticism was level(l)led against me seine Kritik richtete sich gegen mich

5. Landvermessung: nivellieren

D v/i

1. die Waffe richten, (das Gewehr) anlegen ( beide:

at auf akk)

2. level with umg offen reden mit, ehrlich sein zu

* * *
1.
['levl]noun

1) Höhe, die; (storey) Etage, die; (fig.): (steady state) Niveau, das; (fig.): (basis) Ebene, die

the water rose to the level of the doorstep — das Wasser stieg bis zur Türschwelle

be on a level [with somebody/something] — sich auf gleicher od. einer Höhe [mit jemandem/etwas] befinden; (fig.) auf dem gleichen Niveau sein [wie jmd./etwas]

on the level — (fig. coll.) ehrlich

find one's level — (fig.) seinen Platz finden

2) (height)

at waist/rooftop etc. level — in Taillen-/Dachhöhe usw.

3) (relative amount)

sugar/alcohol level — [Blut]zucker-/Alkoholspiegel, der

noise level — Geräuschpegel, der

4) (social, moral, or intellectual plane) Niveau, das; (degree of achievement etc.) Grad, der (of an + Dat.)

talks at the highest level [of government] — Gespräche auf höchster [Regierungs]ebene

5) (of computer game) Level, der

6) (instrument to test horizontal) Wasserwaage, die
2. adjective
1) waagerecht; flach [Land]; eben [Boden, Land]

a level spoonful of flour — ein gestrichener Löffel Mehl

the picture is not level — das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2) (on a level)

be level [with something/somebody] — auf gleicher Höhe [mit etwas/jemandem] sein; (fig.) [mit etwas/jemandem] gleichauf liegen

the two pictures are not level — die beiden Bilder hängen nicht gleich hoch

draw/keep level with a rival — mit einem Gegner gleichziehen/auf gleicher Höhe bleiben

3) (fig.): (steady, even) ausgeglichen [Leben, Temperament]; ausgewogen [Stil]

keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf bewahren

4)

do one's level best — (coll.) sein Möglichstes tun
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (make

level 2 a —) ebnen

2) (aim) richten [Blick, Gewehr, Rakete] (at, against auf + Akk.); (fig.) richten [Kritik usw.] (at, against gegen); erheben [Anklage, Vorwurf] (at, against gegen)

3) (raze) dem Erdboden gleichmachen [Stadt, Gebäude]

Phrasal Verbs:

- level off

- level out

* * *

adj.

ausgeglichen (Sport) adj.

eben adj.

gleichmäßig adj.

waagerecht adj. n.

Ebene -n f.

Höhe -n f.

Level -- n.

Niveau -s n.

Pegel -- (Wasser-) m.

Pegel -- n.

Pegelstand m.

Schwellwert m.

Stand ¨-e m.

Stufe -n f. v.

Unterschiede beseitigen ausdr.

ausgleichen v.

ebnen v.

einebnen v.

gleichmachen v.

nivellieren v.

planieren v.

English-german dictionary > level
6 Boxer, Major-General Edward Mourrier

SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour

[br]

b. February 1822

d. 11 January 1897 Isle of Wight, England

[br]

English Ammunition designer and inventor of the brass, fully obturating cartridge case.

[br]

Commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1839, Boxer's flair for the technical aspects of gunnery led to his appointment, at the early age of 33, as Superintendent of the Laboratory at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. He was able to devote his attention to the design of more effective shells, cartridges and fuses, with his greatest achievement being the invention, in 1866, of the Boxer cartridge, which had a case made of brass and a percussion cap set into the base. The real significance of the cartridge was that for the first time the chamber could be fully sealed, by way of the propellant gases expanding the case against the chamber wall, with the result that effective weapon range and accuracy could be dramatically increased. His achievement was recognized when Parliament voted a special financial grant, and the Boxer cartridge is still in wide use today. Boxer was promoted Colonel in 1868 and retired the following year as an honorary Major-General.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1858.

Bibliography

1855, Treatise on Artillery. Prepared for the Use of the Practical Class, Royal Military Academy, London: Eyre \& Spottiswode.

1858, Diagrams to Illustrate the Service and Management of Heavy Ordnance Referred

to in Treatise on Artillery, London: Eyre \& Spottiswode.

CM

Biographical history of technology > Boxer, Major-General Edward Mourrier
7 sense

1. noun
1) (faculty of perception) Sinn, der

sense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der

come to one's senses — das Bewusstsein wiedererlangen

2) in pl. (normal state of mind) Verstand, der

have taken leave of one's senses — den Verstand verloren haben

come to one's senses — zur Vernunft kommen

bring somebody to his senses — jemanden zur Vernunft od. Besinnung bringen

3) (consciousness) Gefühl, das

sense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das

out of a sense of duty — aus Pflichtgefühl

4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, der

there's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig

have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?

talk sense — vernünftig reden

now you are talking sense — jetzt wirst du vernünftig

see sense — zur Vernunft kommen

make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also academic.ru/14644/common_sense">common sense; good I 1.

5) (meaning) Sinn, der; (of word) Bedeutung, die

in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn

in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht

in some sense — irgendwie

in a or one sense — in gewisser Hinsicht od. Weise

make sense — einen Sinn ergeben

her arguments do not make sense to me — ihre Argumente leuchten mir nicht ein

it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun

it makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll

it all makes sense to me now — jetzt verstehe ich alles

it just doesn't make sense — es ergibt einfach keinen Sinn

make sense of something — etwas verstehen
2. transitive verb
spüren; [Tier:] wittern

* * *
[sens] 1. noun
1) (one of the five powers (hearing, taste, sight, smell, touch) by which a person or animal feels or notices.) der Sinn

2) (a feeling: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance.) das Gefühl

3) (an awareness of (something): a well-developed musical sense; She has no sense of humour.) der Sinn

4) (good judgement: You can rely on him - he has plenty of sense.) der Verstand

5) (a meaning (of a word).) der Sinn

6) (something which is meaningful: Can you make sense of her letter?) der Sinn
2. verb
(to feel, become aware of, or realize: He sensed that she disapproved.) fühlen

- senseless
- senselessly
- senselessness
- senses
- sixth sense
* * *

sense

[sen(t)s]

I. n

1. no pl (judgement) Verstand m

I hope they'll have the [good] \sense to shut the windows before they leave ich hoffe, sie sind so klug, die Fenster zu schließen, bevor sie gehen

to make [good] \sense sinnvoll sein

planning so far ahead makes no \sense es hat keinen Sinn, so weit im Voraus zu planen

to see the \sense in sth den Sinn in etw dat sehen

to talk \sense sich akk verständlich ausdrücken

there's no \sense in doing sth es hat keinen Sinn, etw zu tun

there's no \sense in waiting es ist zwecklos zu warten

2. (reason)

▪ one's \senses pl jds gesunder Menschenverstand

it's time you came to your \senses es wird Zeit, dass du zur Vernunft kommst

to bring sb to their \senses jdn zur Vernunft bringen

to take leave of one's \senses den Verstand verlieren

3. (faculty) Sinn m

\sense of hearing Gehör nt

\sense of sight Sehvermögen nt

\sense of smell/taste/touch Geruchs-/Geschmacks-/Tastsinn m

the five \senses die fünf Sinne

sixth \sense sechster Sinn

4. (feeling) Gefühl nt

did you get any \sense of how they might react? kannst du dir irgendwie denken, wie sie reagieren werden?

▪ to have a \sense that... das Gefühl haben, dass...

I had a sudden \sense that I was needed at home ich spürte auf einmal, dass ich zu Hause gebraucht wurde

\sense of beauty Schönheitssinn m

\sense of belonging Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl nt

\sense of direction Orientierungssinn m

\sense of duty Pflichtgefühl nt

\sense of justice/reality Gerechtigkeits-/Realitätssinn m

a \sense of security ein Gefühl nt der Sicherheit

a \sense of social responsibility ein Gefühl nt für soziale Verantwortung

\sense of time Zeitgefühl nt

5. (meaning) Bedeutung f, Sinn m

she's pretty hot, in more \senses than one sie ist ganz schön heiß, in mehr als einer Hinsicht

the broad/narrow \sense of a word/term die weite/enge Bedeutung eines Wortes/Begriffes

in the broad[est] \sense of the term im weitesten Sinne des Wortes

figurative/literal \sense übertragene/wörtliche [o ursprüngliche] Bedeutung

to make \sense einen Sinn ergeben

this passage doesn't make \sense diese Passage ist unverständlich

to make \sense [out] of sth sich dat auf etw akk einen Reim machen

I've read the letter twice, but I can't make any \sense of it ich habe den Brief zweimal gelesen, aber ich kann mir keinen Reim darauf machen

6. (way) Art f

in a \sense in gewisser Weise

we are in no \sense obliged to agree to this wir sind in keiner Weise verpflichtet, dem zuzustimmen

in every \sense in jeder Hinsicht

7. (aptitude)

to have a \sense of fun Spaß verstehen können

it was just a joke — where's your \sense of fun? das war doch nur ein Scherz — verstehst du keinen Spaß?

to have a \sense of humour Sinn für Humor haben

8. (direction)

\sense of helix MATH Schraubensinn m

\sense of rotation TECH Drehrichtung f, Drehsinn m

II. vt

▪ to \sense sb/sth jdn/etw wahrnehmen

▪ to \sense that... spüren, dass...

he \sensed that his guests were bored er spürte, dass seine Gäste sich langweilten

could you \sense what was likely to happen? hattest du eine Ahnung von dem, was passieren konnte?

▪ to \sense sth COMPUT etw prüfen

to \sense sb's anger jds Wut spüren

to \sense danger Gefahr wittern

* * *
[sens]
1. n

1) (bodily) Sinn m

sense of hearing — Gehörsinn m, Gehör nt

sense of sight — Sehvermögen nt

sense of smell — Geruchssinn m

sense of taste — Geschmack(sinn) m

sense of touch — Tastsinn m

2) pl (= right mind) Verstand m

no man in his senses... — kein einigermaßen vernünftiger Mensch...

to frighten sb out of his senses —

his senses were deranged by... — er war durch... völlig verstört

to bring sb to his senses — jdn zur Vernunft or Besinnung bringen

to come to one's senses — zur Vernunft or Besinnung kommen, Vernunft annehmen

3) (= feeling) Gefühl nt

sense of duty — Pflichtbewusstsein or -gefühl nt

sense of guilt — Schuldgefühl

a sense of pleasure etc — ein Gefühl der Freude etc

a sense of occasion — das Gefühl, dass etwas Besonderes stattfindet

he has an exaggerated sense of his own importance — er nimmt sich selbst übertrieben wichtig

imbued with a sense of history — von Geschichte durchtränkt

there's a sense of insecurity in the country — im Land herrscht ein Gefühl der Unsicherheit

a false sense of security — ein falsches Gefühl der Sicherheit

these buildings create a sense of space — diese Gebäude vermitteln den Eindruck von Weite

4) (= instinct, appreciation) Sinn m

his sense for what is appropriate — sein Gefühl nt or Gespür nt dafür, was angebracht ist

/justice — Farben-/Gerechtigkeitssinn m

5)

(= good sense) (common) sense — gesunder Menschenverstand

haven't you sense enough or enough sense to stop when you're tired? — bist du nicht vernünftig genug aufzuhören, wenn du müde bist?

he had the (good) sense to... — er war so vernünftig or klug or gescheit und...

you should have had more sense than to... — du hättest vernünftiger sein sollen und nicht...

there is no sense in that — das hat keinen Sinn, es ist zwecklos

there's a lot of sense in that — das hat Hand und Fuß, das ist ganz vernünftig

what's the sense of or in doing this? — welchen Sinn hat es denn, das zu tun?

there is no sense in doing that — es ist zwecklos or sinnlos, das zu tun

there is no sense in crying — es hat keinen Sinn zu heulen

there's some sense in what he says — was er sagt, ist ganz vernünftig

there's some sense in doing that — es wäre ganz vernünftig, das zu tun

to be full of good sense — grundvernünftig sein

to talk sense — vernünftig sein

you're just not talking sense — du bist doch völlig unvernünftig

now you're talking sense — das lässt sich schon eher hören

he hasn't the sense he was born with — er hat nicht für fünf Cent Verstand (inf)

to make sb see sense — jdn zur Vernunft bringen

6)

to make sense (sentence etc) — (einen) Sinn ergeben

it doesn't make sense doing it that way/spending or to spend all that money —

why did he decide that? – I don't know, it doesn't make sense — warum hat er das beschlossen? – ich weiß es nicht, es ist mir unverständlich or es macht keinen Sinn

the whole thing fails to make sense to me — die ganze Sache leuchtet mir nicht ein

it makes good or sound sense — das scheint sehr vernünftig

it makes good financial/political sense to... — aus finanzieller/politischer Sicht gesehen ist es sehr vernünftig, zu...

sometimes life just doesn't make sense — manchmal ergibt das Leben einfach keinen Sinn

her conduct doesn't make sense to me — ich werde aus ihrem Verhalten nicht schlau (inf)

he/his theory doesn't make sense — er/seine Theorie ist völlig unverständlich

it all makes sense now —

it doesn't make sense, the jewels were there a minute ago — das ist ganz unverständlich, die Juwelen waren doch eben noch da

to make sense of sth — etw verstehen, aus etw schlau werden (inf)

you're not making sense (in explaining sth, in plans, intentions etc) — das ist doch Unsinn; (in behaviour, attitude) ich werde aus Ihnen nicht schlau (inf)

now you're making sense (in explaining sth) — jetzt verstehe ich, was Sie meinen; (in plans, intentions etc) das ist endlich eine vernünftige Idee

7) (= meaning) Sinn m no pl

in the full or true sense of the word — im wahrsten Sinn des Wortes

it has three distinct senses —

in what sense are you using the word? — in welchem Sinn or welcher Bedeutung gebrauchen Sie das Wort?

he is an amateur in the best sense — er ist Amateur im eigentlichen Sinn des Wortes

in every sense of the word — in der vollen Bedeutung des Wortes

in the usual sense of the word — im herkömmlichen Sinne des Wortes

8)

(= way, respect) in a sense — in gewisser Hinsicht, gewissermaßen

in every sense — in jeder Hinsicht

in what sense? —

in one sense what he claims is true — in gewisser Hinsicht hat er mit seiner Behauptung recht

2. vt
fühlen, spüren
I could sense someone there in the dark — ich fühlte or spürte, dass da jemand in der Dunkelheit war

* * *

sense [sens]

A s

1. Sinn m, Sinnesorgan n:

sense of hearing (sight, smell, taste, touch) Gehör-(Gesichts-, Geruchs-, Geschmacks-, Tast)sinn;

I’ve lost my sense of taste ich schmecke nichts mehr; → sixth A 1

2. pl Sinne pl, (klarer) Verstand:

in (out of) one’s senses bei (von) Sinnen;

lose ( oder take leave of) one’s senses den Verstand verlieren;

bring sb to their senses jemanden wieder zur Besinnung bringen;

recover ( oder come to) one’s senses wieder zur Besinnung oder Vernunft kommen

3. fig Vernunft f, Verstand m:

a man of sense ein vernünftiger oder kluger Mensch;

have the sense to do sth so klug sein, etwas zu tun;

do have some sense! sei doch vernünftig!; → common sense

4. Sinne pl, Empfindungsvermögen n

5. Gefühl n:

a) Empfindung f (of für):

sense of achievement Erfolgserlebnis n;

sense of pain Schmerzgefühl;

sense of security Gefühl der Sicherheit; → frustration 5 b, 5 c, 5 d, outrage A 3, well-being 2

b) Ahnung f, unbestimmtes Gefühl

6. Sinn m, Gefühl n ( beide:

of für):

sense of balance Gleichgewichtssinn, -empfinden n, -gefühl;

sense of beauty Schönheitssinn;

sense of decency ( oder decorum) Anstand(sgefühl) m(n);

sense of duty Pflichtbewusstsein n, -gefühl;

a keen sense of justice ein ausgeprägter Gerechtigkeitssinn;

sense of responsibility Verantwortungsgefühl, -bewusstsein n;

sense of shame Schamgefühl;

sense of time Zeitgefühl; → belonging 1, direction 1, honor B 1, humor A 4, locality 1 a, mission 5, pitch² C 8, purpose B 4, self-worth

7. Sinn m, Bedeutung f:

figurative ( literal, etc) sense;

in every sense in jeder Hinsicht;

in a sense in gewissem Sinne;

in the good and in the bad sense im guten wie im bösen oder schlechten Sinn

8. Sinn m, (etwas) Vernünftiges:

what is the sense of doing this? was hat es für einen Sinn, das zu tun?;

is there a sense in which …? könnte man vielleicht sagen, dass …?;

it makes sense es macht Sinn, es hat Hand und Fuß, es klingt plausibel;

it does not make sense es hat oder macht keinen Sinn;

I could make no sense of it ich konnte mir darauf keinen Reim machen;

talk sense vernünftig reden

9. ( besonders allgemeine) Ansicht, Meinung f, Auffassung f:

take the sense of the meeting die Meinung der Versammlung einholen

10. MATH Richtung f:

sense of rotation Drehsinn m

11. Funkpeilung: (Peil)Seite f

B v/t

1. empfinden, fühlen, spüren, ahnen

2. IT

a) abtasten

b) abfragen

3. besonders US umg kapieren

* * *
1. noun
1) (faculty of perception) Sinn, der

sense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der

come to one's senses — das Bewusstsein wiedererlangen

2) in pl. (normal state of mind) Verstand, der

have taken leave of one's senses — den Verstand verloren haben

come to one's senses — zur Vernunft kommen

bring somebody to his senses — jemanden zur Vernunft od. Besinnung bringen

3) (consciousness) Gefühl, das

sense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das

out of a sense of duty — aus Pflichtgefühl

4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, der

there's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig

have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?

talk sense — vernünftig reden

now you are talking sense — jetzt wirst du vernünftig

see sense — zur Vernunft kommen

make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also common sense; good I 1.

5) (meaning) Sinn, der; (of word) Bedeutung, die

in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn

in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht

in some sense — irgendwie

in a or one sense — in gewisser Hinsicht od. Weise

make sense — einen Sinn ergeben

her arguments do not make sense to me — ihre Argumente leuchten mir nicht ein

it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun

it makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll

it all makes sense to me now — jetzt verstehe ich alles

it just doesn't make sense — es ergibt einfach keinen Sinn

make sense of something — etwas verstehen
2. transitive verb
spüren; [Tier:] wittern

* * *

n.

Empfindung f.

Gefühl -e n.

Sinn -e m.

Verstand -¨e m.

Wahrnehmung f. v.

abfühlen v.

abtasten v.

empfinden v.

fühlen v.

wahrnehmen v.

English-german dictionary > sense
8 PAT

1) Компьютерная техника: Personal Applied Technology, Point And Transfer, pointing and tracking

2) Медицина: Polygon Attribute Table, Pain Assessment Tool

3) Спорт: Point After Touchdown

4) Военный термин: Patrick Air Force Base, Payload Associated Transporter, Physical Attack Table, Planning Assistance Team, Poisoned Arrow Trap, Preliminary Acceptance Test, Product Acceptance Test, Product Assurance Test, parts accountability technique, passive angle tracking, pattern analysis test, permanent analysis team, personnel authorization table, phased array tracking, plenum air tread, post-acceptance trials, post-availability trials, power assisted traverse, preadmission testing, preliminary acceptance trials, priority air transportation, priority air travel, problem action team, production acceptance test, production assessment test, program analysis team, programmable automatic tester, property and accounting technician

5) Техника: passive acoustic torpedo, performance appraisal team, plutonium air transportable, production-assessment test

6) Химия: Proline Alanine And Threonine

7) Бухгалтерия: profit after tax

8) Оптика: pointing, acquisition and tracking

9) Телекоммуникации: Portable Appliance Testing

10) Сокращение: Passive Angle Track, Power-Assisted Traverse, Process Action Team, Process Activated Training, patrol, pattern, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

11) Физиология: Peripheral Arterial Tonometry, Pet Assisted Therapy

12) Вычислительная техника: Program Association Table, port and address translation, Port and Address Translation (IOS, Cisco, LAN, IP), Performance Acceleration Technique (Intel, MCH), таблица ассоциаций программ

13) Нефть: Pipe Analysis Tool

14) Онкология: Physical Ability Test

15) Транспорт: Port Authority Transit, Power Angle And Tilt, Power Attitude Trim

16) Деловая лексика: Process Analytical Technology

17) Образование: Parents Appreciate Teachers, Parents As Teachers, Personal Attributes Training, Phonological Auditory Training, Phonological Awareness Test, Preferred Activity Time

18) Инвестиции: Patents Appeal Tribunal

19) Сетевые технологии: Peripheral Attribute Table

20) Полимеры: polyaminotriazole

21) Контроль качества: process-assessment test, Pre-acceptance test

22) Телефония: Port address translation, Per-hop behavior

23) Авиационная медицина: preflight adaptation training

24) Расширение файла: Programmer's Aptitude Test, Bitmap graphics (1bit, Patent data, US Patent and Trademark Office), Hatch patterns (AutoCAD - Photostyler), Gravis Ultrasound Patch (Convert (c) Villena), Vector fill files (CorelDraw), Sound patch (Gravis Ultrasound), Polygon Attribute Table (link geographic locations to databases)

25) Электротехника: Portable Appliance Tester, портативный тестер электрооборудования

26) Hi-Fi. Picture-And-Text

27) Должность: Performance Achievement Target, Personal Assistant Technician, Pump Algebra Tutor

28) Аэропорты: Patna, India

29) Программное обеспечение: PHP Administration Tools, Practical Application Tool, Property Assignment Tool

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PAT
9 Pat

1) Компьютерная техника: Personal Applied Technology, Point And Transfer, pointing and tracking

2) Медицина: Polygon Attribute Table, Pain Assessment Tool

3) Спорт: Point After Touchdown

4) Военный термин: Patrick Air Force Base, Payload Associated Transporter, Physical Attack Table, Planning Assistance Team, Poisoned Arrow Trap, Preliminary Acceptance Test, Product Acceptance Test, Product Assurance Test, parts accountability technique, passive angle tracking, pattern analysis test, permanent analysis team, personnel authorization table, phased array tracking, plenum air tread, post-acceptance trials, post-availability trials, power assisted traverse, preadmission testing, preliminary acceptance trials, priority air transportation, priority air travel, problem action team, production acceptance test, production assessment test, program analysis team, programmable automatic tester, property and accounting technician

5) Техника: passive acoustic torpedo, performance appraisal team, plutonium air transportable, production-assessment test

6) Химия: Proline Alanine And Threonine

7) Бухгалтерия: profit after tax

8) Оптика: pointing, acquisition and tracking

9) Телекоммуникации: Portable Appliance Testing

10) Сокращение: Passive Angle Track, Power-Assisted Traverse, Process Action Team, Process Activated Training, patrol, pattern, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

11) Физиология: Peripheral Arterial Tonometry, Pet Assisted Therapy

12) Вычислительная техника: Program Association Table, port and address translation, Port and Address Translation (IOS, Cisco, LAN, IP), Performance Acceleration Technique (Intel, MCH), таблица ассоциаций программ

13) Нефть: Pipe Analysis Tool

14) Онкология: Physical Ability Test

15) Транспорт: Port Authority Transit, Power Angle And Tilt, Power Attitude Trim

16) Деловая лексика: Process Analytical Technology

17) Образование: Parents Appreciate Teachers, Parents As Teachers, Personal Attributes Training, Phonological Auditory Training, Phonological Awareness Test, Preferred Activity Time

18) Инвестиции: Patents Appeal Tribunal

19) Сетевые технологии: Peripheral Attribute Table

20) Полимеры: polyaminotriazole

21) Контроль качества: process-assessment test, Pre-acceptance test

22) Телефония: Port address translation, Per-hop behavior

23) Авиационная медицина: preflight adaptation training

24) Расширение файла: Programmer's Aptitude Test, Bitmap graphics (1bit, Patent data, US Patent and Trademark Office), Hatch patterns (AutoCAD - Photostyler), Gravis Ultrasound Patch (Convert (c) Villena), Vector fill files (CorelDraw), Sound patch (Gravis Ultrasound), Polygon Attribute Table (link geographic locations to databases)

25) Электротехника: Portable Appliance Tester, портативный тестер электрооборудования

26) Hi-Fi. Picture-And-Text

27) Должность: Performance Achievement Target, Personal Assistant Technician, Pump Algebra Tutor

28) Аэропорты: Patna, India

29) Программное обеспечение: PHP Administration Tools, Practical Application Tool, Property Assignment Tool

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pat
10 pat

1) Компьютерная техника: Personal Applied Technology, Point And Transfer, pointing and tracking

2) Медицина: Polygon Attribute Table, Pain Assessment Tool

3) Спорт: Point After Touchdown

4) Военный термин: Patrick Air Force Base, Payload Associated Transporter, Physical Attack Table, Planning Assistance Team, Poisoned Arrow Trap, Preliminary Acceptance Test, Product Acceptance Test, Product Assurance Test, parts accountability technique, passive angle tracking, pattern analysis test, permanent analysis team, personnel authorization table, phased array tracking, plenum air tread, post-acceptance trials, post-availability trials, power assisted traverse, preadmission testing, preliminary acceptance trials, priority air transportation, priority air travel, problem action team, production acceptance test, production assessment test, program analysis team, programmable automatic tester, property and accounting technician

5) Техника: passive acoustic torpedo, performance appraisal team, plutonium air transportable, production-assessment test

6) Химия: Proline Alanine And Threonine

7) Бухгалтерия: profit after tax

8) Оптика: pointing, acquisition and tracking

9) Телекоммуникации: Portable Appliance Testing

10) Сокращение: Passive Angle Track, Power-Assisted Traverse, Process Action Team, Process Activated Training, patrol, pattern, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

11) Физиология: Peripheral Arterial Tonometry, Pet Assisted Therapy

12) Вычислительная техника: Program Association Table, port and address translation, Port and Address Translation (IOS, Cisco, LAN, IP), Performance Acceleration Technique (Intel, MCH), таблица ассоциаций программ

13) Нефть: Pipe Analysis Tool

14) Онкология: Physical Ability Test

15) Транспорт: Port Authority Transit, Power Angle And Tilt, Power Attitude Trim

16) Деловая лексика: Process Analytical Technology

17) Образование: Parents Appreciate Teachers, Parents As Teachers, Personal Attributes Training, Phonological Auditory Training, Phonological Awareness Test, Preferred Activity Time

18) Инвестиции: Patents Appeal Tribunal

19) Сетевые технологии: Peripheral Attribute Table

20) Полимеры: polyaminotriazole

21) Контроль качества: process-assessment test, Pre-acceptance test

22) Телефония: Port address translation, Per-hop behavior

23) Авиационная медицина: preflight adaptation training

24) Расширение файла: Programmer's Aptitude Test, Bitmap graphics (1bit, Patent data, US Patent and Trademark Office), Hatch patterns (AutoCAD - Photostyler), Gravis Ultrasound Patch (Convert (c) Villena), Vector fill files (CorelDraw), Sound patch (Gravis Ultrasound), Polygon Attribute Table (link geographic locations to databases)

25) Электротехника: Portable Appliance Tester, портативный тестер электрооборудования

26) Hi-Fi. Picture-And-Text

27) Должность: Performance Achievement Target, Personal Assistant Technician, Pump Algebra Tutor

28) Аэропорты: Patna, India

29) Программное обеспечение: PHP Administration Tools, Practical Application Tool, Property Assignment Tool

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pat
11 level

level [ˈlevl]

1. noun

   a. niveau m ; [of substance in body] taux m

• the level of support for the government is high/low beaucoup/peu de gens soutiennent le gouvernement

• the level of violence is very high il y a énormément de violence

• the level of public interest in the scheme remains low le public continue à manifester peu d'intérêt pour ce projet

• the rising level of inflation l'augmentation f de l'inflation

► on + level

• on a level with... au même niveau que...

• I'm telling you on the level (inf) je te le dis franchement

• is this on the level? (inf) est-ce que c'est réglo ? (inf)

• is he on the level? (inf) est-ce qu'il joue franc-jeu ?

   b. ( = spirit level) niveau m à bulle

2. adjective

   a. [surface] plan

• level ground terrain m plat

• the tray must be absolutely level il faut que le plateau soit parfaitement horizontal

• a level spoonful une cuillerée rase

• to do one's level best (to do sth) (inf) faire de son mieux (pour faire qch)

   b. ( = equal) (at same standard) à égalité ; (at same height) à la même hauteur

• the two contestants are dead level les deux participants sont exactement à égalité

• hold the two sticks absolutely level (with each other) tiens les deux bâtons exactement à la même hauteur

► to be level with sb (in race) être à la hauteur de qn ; (in league) être à égalité avec qn

► to draw level with sb (in race) arriver à la hauteur de qn ; (in league) être ex aequo avec qn

• she slowed down a little to let the car draw level with her elle a ralenti un peu afin de permettre à la voiture d'arriver à sa hauteur

   c. [voice, tones] calme

• she gave him a level stare elle l'a dévisagé calmement

• to keep a level head garder tout son sang-froid

   d. (US = honest) (inf) honnête

3. transitive verb

   a. ( = make level) [+ site, ground] niveler ; [+ quantities] répartir également

• to level the score égaliser

   b. ( = demolish) raser

   c. ( = aim) to level a blow at sb allonger un coup de poing à qn

• to level a gun at sb braquer un pistolet sur qn

• to level an accusation at sb porter une accusation contre qn

• to level criticism at sb formuler des critiques à l'encontre de qn

• to level charges at sb porter des accusations contre qn

4. intransitive verb

• I'll level with you je vais être franc avec vous

5. compounds

► level crossing noun (British) passage m à niveau

► level-headed adjective pondéré

► level-pegging adjective (British)

they were level-pegging ils étaient au coude à coude

► level off

1. intransitive verb

[statistics, results, prices] se stabiliser

2. separable transitive verb

niveler

► level out

1. intransitive verb

[statistics, results, prices] se stabiliser ; [road] s'aplanir

2. separable transitive verb

niveler

* * *
['levl] 1.
noun

1) gen, School niveau m

an intermediate level textbook — un manuel pour le niveau intermédiaire

to be on the same level as somebody — être du même niveau que quelqu'un

to talk to somebody on their level — parler à quelqu'un d'égal à égal

on a level with the first floor — à la hauteur du premier étage

on the same level — au même niveau or à la même hauteur

at waist-/knee-level — à la hauteur de la taille/des genoux

at street level — au niveau de la rue

that is on a level with blackmail — fig ça revient à faire du chantage

on a purely practical level — sur un plan strictement pratique

to be reduced to the same level as — être mis sur le même plan que

the level of training — la qualité de la formation

2) ( degree) (of pollution, noise) niveau m; ( of unemployment) taux m; ( of spending) montant m; (of satisfaction, anxiety) degré m

glucose levels — taux de glucose

3) ( position in hierarchy) échelon m

at local level — à l'échelon local

at a lower level — à un échelon inférieur
2.
adjective

1) ( not at an angle) [shelf, floor] droit; [surface] plan; [table] horizontal

2) ( not bumpy) [ground, surface, land] plat

3) Culinary [teaspoonful] ras

4) ( equally high)

to be level — [shoulders, windows] être à la même hauteur; [floor, building] être au même niveau

level with the ground — au ras du sol

5) fig (in achievement, rank)

to be level — [competitors] être à égalité

6) fig ( even) [tone] égal

to remain level — [figures] rester stable
3.
adverb

to draw level — arriver à la même hauteur ( with que)
4.
transitive verb (p prés etc - ll- GB, - l- US)

1) raser [village, area]

2) ( aim) braquer [gun, weapon] (at sur); lancer [accusation] (at contre); adresser [criticism] (at à)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- level off

- level out

••

to be level-pegging — être à égalité

to be on the level — ( trustworthy) être réglo (colloq)

to level with somebody — (colloq) être honnête avec quelqu'un

to keep a level head — garder son sang-froid

to try one's level best to do — faire tout son possible pour faire

English-French dictionary > level
12 level

level

A n

1 ( floor) (of building, mine) niveau m ;

2 ( elevation) (of liquid, sea) niveau m ;

3 Sch, Univ niveau m ; an intermediate level textbook un manuel pour le niveau intermédiaire ; that course is above/below your level ce cours est trop difficile/facile pour toi ;

4 fig ( of understanding) niveau m ; to be on the same level as sb être du même niveau que qn ; to get down/to come down to sb's level se mettre/s'abaisser au niveau de qn ; to talk to sb on their level parler à qn d'égal à égal ;

5 ( equal plane) to be on a level with lit [building, window] être à la hauteur de or au même niveau que [building, window] ; fig [action] équivaloir à [action] ; on a level with the first floor à la hauteur du premier étage ; two windows both on the same level deux fenêtres à la même hauteur ; at waist-/knee-level à la hauteur de la taille/des genoux ; at street level au niveau de la rue ; that is on a level with arson fig ça équivaut à l'incendie criminel ;

6 ( degree) (of pollution, noise, competence) niveau m ; (of substance, unemployment, illiteracy) taux m ; ( of spending) montant m ; (of satisfaction, anxiety) degré m ; glucose/cholesterol levels taux de glucose/cholestérol ;

7 ( position in hierarchy) échelon m ; at local/national/board level à l'échelon local/national/du conseil d'administration ; at all levels à tous les échelons ; at a higher/lower level à un échelon supérieur /inférieur ;

8 fig ( plane) plan m ; on a purely practical level sur un plan strictement pratique ; to be reduced to the same level as être mis sur le même plan que ; on a literary/musical level d'un point de vue littéraire/musical ;

9 fig ( standard) qualité f ; the level of training/of service la qualité de la formation/du service ;

10 ( tool) gen niveau m ; ( for surveying) niveau m à lunette.

B levels npl Geog the Somerset levels la plaine du Somerset.

C adj

1 ( not at an angle) [shelf, rail, floor] droit ; [surface] plan ; [worktop, table] horizontal ; to hold a compass level tenir une boussole horizontale ; I don't think this bed is level je trouve que ce lit penche ;

2 ( not bumpy) [ground, surface, plain, land] plat ; [field, garden] nivelé ; ( naturally) sans dénivellation ;

3 Culin ( not heaped) [teaspoonful] ras ;

4 ( equally high) to be level [shoulders, windows, etc] être à la même hauteur ; [floor, ceiling, building] être au même niveau ; is the hem level? est-ce que l'ourlet est droit? ; trim the shoots so they are level with the ground taillez les rejets au ras du sol ;

5 fig (equal in achievement, rank) to be level [competitors] être à égalité ; to be level in popularity atteindre la même cote de popularité ; on the same level ( of colleagues) au même échelon ;

6 ( stable) to remain level [growth, figures] rester stable ;

7 fig ( even) [tone] égal.

D adv ( abreast) to draw level [competitors, cars] arriver à la même hauteur (with que) ; the pound is keeping level with the deutschmark la livre se maintient par rapport au deutschmark.

E vtr ( p prés etc - ll- GB, -l- US)

1 ( raze to ground) raser [village, area] ;

2 ( aim) braquer [gun, weapon] (at sur) ; lancer [accusation] (at contre) ; adresser [criticism] (at à) ; the criticism was levelled mainly at the board of directors les critiques visaient essentiellement le conseil d'administration ;

3 ○ ( knock down) mettre à terre [opponent].

Idioms

to be level-pegging être à égalité ; to be on the level ( on level ground) être sur terrain plat ; ( trustworthy) être réglo ○ ; to level with sb être honnête avec qn ; to keep a level head garder son sang-froid ; to try one's level best to do sth faire tout son possible pour faire qch.

Phrasal verbs

■ level off:

▶ level off

1 [prices, rate of growth, curve] se stabiliser ;

2 [plane, pilot] amorcer le vol en palier ;

3 [path] continuer sur terrain plat ;

▶ level [sth] off, level off [sth] égaliser [ground, floor, mortar] ; aplanir [wooden surface].

■ level out:

▶ level out

1 [land, terrain] s'aplanir ;

2 [prices, rate of growth, curve] se stabiliser ;

▶ level [sth] out, level out [sth] niveler [ground, floor].

Big English-French dictionary > level
13 sense

sense [sens]

sens ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c), 1 (e), 1 (f) sensation ⇒ 1 (b) sentiment ⇒ 1 (b) notion ⇒ 1 (c) bon sens ⇒ 1 (d) sentir ⇒ 2 (a) raison ⇒ 3

1 noun

(a) (faculty) sens m;

∎ the five senses les cinq sens mpl;

∎ to have a keen sense of smell/hearing avoir l'odorat fin/l'ouïe fine;

∎ she seemed to have a sixth sense elle semblait posséder un sixième sens;

∎ to be in possession of all one's senses jouir de toutes ses facultés;

∎ to excite the senses exciter les sens

(b) (sensation) sensation f; (feeling) sentiment m;

∎ a sense of pleasure/warmth une sensation de plaisir/chaleur;

∎ I felt a certain sense of pleasure j'ai ressenti un certain plaisir;

∎ a sense of achievement/injustice un sentiment d'accomplissement/d'injustice;

∎ to have a sense of belonging avoir le sentiment d'être intégré;

∎ I felt a sense of shame je me suis senti honteux;

∎ children need a sense of security les enfants ont besoin de se sentir en sécurité;

∎ there's a new sense of foreboding in her writing ses écrits sont maintenant empreints d'un sentiment d'angoisse devant l'avenir

(c) (notion) sens m, notion f;

∎ she seems to have lost all sense of reality elle semble avoir perdu le sens des réalités;

∎ I lost all sense of time j'ai perdu toute notion de l'heure;

∎ to have a (good) sense of direction avoir le sens de l'orientation;

∎ figurative she lost her sense of direction when her husband died elle s'est sentie complètement désorientée après la mort de son mari;

∎ he has a good sense of humour il a le sens de l'humour;

∎ I try to teach them a sense of right and wrong j'essaie de leur inculquer la notion du bien et du mal;

∎ she acted out of a sense of duty/of responsibility elle a agi par sens du devoir/des responsabilités;

∎ they have no business sense at all ils n'ont aucun sens des affaires;

∎ he has an overdeveloped sense of his own importance il est trop imbu de lui-même

(d) (practical wisdom) bon sens m;

∎ to show good sense faire preuve de bon sens;

∎ there's a lot of sense in what she says il y beaucoup de bon sens dans ce qu'elle dit, ce qu'elle dit est tout à fait sensé;

∎ to have the (good) sense to do sth avoir l'intelligence ou le bon sens de faire qch;

∎ to have more sense than to do sth avoir assez de bon sens pour ne pas faire qch;

∎ they didn't even have enough sense to telephone ils n'ont même pas eu l'idée de téléphoner

(e) (reason, rational quality) sens m;

∎ there's no sense in all of us going cela ne rime à rien d'y aller tous;

∎ I can't see any sense or the sense in continuing this discussion je ne vois pas l'intérêt de continuer cette discussion;

∎ to see sense entendre raison;

∎ to talk sense dire des choses sensées;

∎ oh, come on, talk sense! voyons, ne dis pas n'importe quoi!;

∎ to make sense (words) avoir un sens; (be logical) tenir debout, être sensé;

∎ can you make (any) sense of this message? est-ce que vous arrivez à comprendre ce message?;

∎ it makes no sense ça n'a pas de sens;

∎ it makes/doesn't make sense to wait c'est une bonne idée/idiot d'attendre;

∎ it makes more sense to do this first c'est plus logique de commencer par cela;

∎ that makes good sense c'est logique, c'est une bonne idée;

∎ it makes good political/business sense to… il est bon sur le plan politique/commercial de…

(f) (meaning → of word, expression) sens m, signification f; (→ of text) sens m;

∎ don't take what I say in its literal sense ne prenez pas ce que je dis au sens propre ou au pied de la lettre;

∎ in every sense of the word dans tous les sens du terme;

∎ in the normal sense (of the word) à proprement parler;

∎ I got the general sense j'ai saisi le sens général;

∎ I think we have, in a very real sense, grasped the problem je crois que nous avons parfaitement saisi le problème;

∎ this is not in any real sense a change of policy ça ne représente pas du tout un changement de politique;

∎ in a sense dans un sens;

∎ in no sense en aucune manière;

∎ in more senses than one dans tous les sens;

∎ in the sense that… en ce sens que…, dans le sens où…

2 transitive verb

(a) (feel → presence) sentir; (→ danger, catastrophe) pressentir;

∎ I sensed something was wrong j'ai senti que quelque chose n'allait pas;

∎ I sensed as much c'est bien l'impression ou le sentiment que j'avais;

∎ I sensed her meaning j'ai compris ce qu'elle voulait dire

(b) Electronics détecter; Computing lire

3 senses plural noun

(sanity, reason) raison f;

∎ to come to one's senses (become conscious) reprendre connaissance; (be reasonable) revenir à la raison;

∎ to take leave of one's senses perdre la raison ou la tête;

∎ to bring sb to his/her senses ramener qn à la raison

►► sense organ organe m sensoriel ou des sens

✾ Book ✾ Film 'Sense and Sensibility' Austen, Lee 'Raison et sentiments'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sense
14 psychometric test

HR

a series of questions, problems, or practical tasks that provide a measurement of aspects of somebody’s personality, knowledge, ability, or experience. There are three main categories of psychometric test: ability or aptitude tests, achievement tests, and personality tests. A test should be both valid—it should measure what it says it measures—and reliable—it should give consistent scores. However, no test can ever be 100% accurate, and should be viewed more as a useful indicator than a definitive verdict on a person’s skills or potential. Tests are used in recruitment, to ascertain whether or not a candidate is likely to be a good fit for a job, and in employee development, and their administration and interpretation must be carried out by qualified people. Tests are increasingly taken, scored, and interpreted with the aid of computer-based systems. A test may also be referred to as an instrument, and tests can be grouped into a test battery.

The ultimate business dictionary > psychometric test
15 Abel, Sir Frederick August

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, England

d. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England

[br]

English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.

[br]

His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.

Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.

Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Grand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.

Bibliography

1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.

Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.

Further Reading

Dictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.

CM

Biographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
16 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, France

d. 19 August 1920 Agen, France

[br]

French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.

[br]

The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.

[br]

Further Reading

B.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis
17 Haber, Fritz

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

[br]

b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)

d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland

[br]

German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.

[br]

Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.

Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.

With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.

[br]

Bibliography

1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.

1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.

Further Reading

J.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.

M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Haber, Fritz
18 Kegel, Karl

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 19 May 1876 Magdeburg, Germany

d. 5 March 1959 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany

[br]

German professor of mining who established the mining of lignite as a discipline in the science of mining.

[br]

Within the long tradition of celebrated teachers at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Kegel can be considered as probably the last professor teaching the science of mining who was able to cover all the different disciplines. As was the case with a number of his predecessors, he was able to combine theoretical research work with the teaching of students and to support his theories with the practical experience of industry. He has apprenticed at the Mansfeld copper mines, went to the School of Mines at Eisleben (1896–8), worked as an engineer with various mining companies and thereafter became a scholar of the Berlin Mining Academy (1901–4). For twelve years he taught at the Bochum School of Mining until, in 1918, he was appointed Professor of Mining at Freiberg. There, one year later, as a new approach, he introduced lectures on brown-coal mining and mineral economics. He remained Professor at Freiberg until his first retirement in 1941, although he was active again between 1945 and 1951.

In 1924 Kegel took over a department at the State Research Institute for Brown Coal in Freiberg which he extended into the Institute for Briquetting. In this field his main achievement lies in the initially questioned theory that producing briquettes from lignite is a molecular process rather than the result of bituminous factors. This perception, among others, led Rammler to produce coke from lignite in 1951. Kegel's merits result from having established all the aspects of mining and using lignite as an independent subdiscipline of mining science, based on substantial theories and an innovative understanding of applied technologies.

[br]

Bibliography

1912, Bergmännische Wasserwirtschaft, Halle (Saale). 1931, Lehrbuch der Bergwirtschaft, Berlin.

1941, Bergmännische Gebirgsmechanik, Halle (Saale). 1948, Brikettierung der Braunkohle, Halle (Saale).

1953, Lehrbuch des Braunkohlentagebaus, Halle (Saale).

Further Reading

E.Kroker, "Karl Kegel", Neue deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI, p. 394 (a reliable short account).

Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.), 1976, Karl Kegel 1876–1959. Festschrift aus Anlaß seines

100. Geburtstages, Leipzig (contains substantial biographical information).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Kegel, Karl
19 Lumière, Auguste

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 19 October 1862 Besançon, France

d. 10 April 1954 Lyon, France

[br]

French scientist and inventor.

[br]

Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.

The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.

Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.

[br]

Further Reading

Guy Borgé, 1980, Prestige de la photographie, Nos. 8, 9 and 10, Paris. Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London ——1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.

Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Lumière, Auguste
20 Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 25 April 1874 Bologna, Italy

d. 20 July 1937 Rome, Italy

[br]

Italian radio pioneer whose inventiveness and business skills made radio communication a practical proposition.

[br]

Marconi was educated in physics at Leghorn and at Bologna University. An avid experimenter, he worked in his parents' attic and, almost certainly aware of the recent work of Hertz and others, soon improved the performance of coherers and spark-gap transmitters. He also discovered for himself the use of earthing and of elevated metal plates as aerials. In 1895 he succeeded in transmitting telegraphy over a distance of 2 km (1¼ miles), but the Italian Telegraph authority rejected his invention, so in 1896 he moved to England, where he filed the first of many patents. There he gained the support of the Chief Engineer of the Post Office, and by the following year he had achieved communication across the Bristol Channel.

The British Post Office was also slow to take up his work, so in 1897 he formed the Wireless Telegraph \& Signal Company to work independently. In 1898 he sold some equipment to the British Army for use in the Boer War and established the first permanent radio link from the Isle of Wight to the mainland. In 1899 he achieved communication across the English Channel (a distance of more than 31 miles or 50 km), the construction of a wireless station at Spezia, Italy, and the equipping of two US ships to report progress in the America's Cup yacht race, a venture that led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. In 1900 he won a contract from the British Admiralty to sell equipment and to train operators. Realizing that his business would be much more successful if he could offer his customers a complete radio-communication service (known today as a "turnkey" deal), he floated a new company, the Marconi International Marine Communications Company, while the old company became the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.

His greatest achievement occurred on 12 December 1901, when Morse telegraph signals from a transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall were received at St John's, Newfoundland, a distance of some 2,100 miles (3,400 km), with the use of an aerial flown by a kite. As a result of this, Marconi's business prospered and he became internationally famous, receiving many honours for his endeavours, including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. In 1904, radio was first used to provide a daily bulletin at sea, and in 1907 a transatlantic wireless telegraphy service was inaugurated. The rescue of 1,650 passengers from the shipwreck of SS Republic in 1909 was the first of many occasions when wireless was instrumental in saving lives at sea, most notable being those from the Titanic on its maiden voyage in April 1912; more lives would have been saved had there been sufficient lifeboats. Marconi was one of those who subsequently pressed for greater safety at sea. In 1910 he demonstrated the reception of long (8 km or 5 miles) waves from Ireland in Buenos Aires, but after the First World War he began to develop the use of short waves, which were more effectively reflected by the ionosphere. By 1918 the first link between England and Australia had been established, and in 1924 he was awarded a Post Office contract for short-wave communication between England and the various parts of the British Empire.

With his achievements by then recognized by the Italian Government, in 1915 he was appointed Radio-Communications Adviser to the Italian armed forces, and in 1919 he was an Italian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1921 he lived on his yacht, the Elettra, and although he joined the Fascist Party in 1923, he later had reservations about Mussolini.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with K.F. Braun) 1909. Russian Order of S t Anne. Commander of St Maurice and St Lazarus. Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (i.e. Knight) of Italy 1902. Freedom of Rome 1903. Honorary DSc Oxford. Honorary LLD Glasgow. Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy 1905. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal. Honorary knighthood (GCVO) 1914. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1920. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1924. Created Marquis (Marchese) 1929. Nominated to the Italian Senate 1929. President, Italian Academy 1930. Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1934.

Bibliography

1896, "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and in apparatus thereof", British patent no. 12,039.

1 June 1898, British patent no. 12,326 (transformer or "jigger" resonant circuit).

1901, British patent no. 7,777 (selective tuning).

1904, British patent no. 763,772 ("four circuit" tuning arrangement).

Further Reading

D.Marconi, 1962, My Father, Marconi.

W.J.Baker, 1970, A History of the Marconi Company, London: Methuen.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

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